White space is often regarded as a waste of valuable screen space. Ofqual and the Joint Council on Qualifications on Tuesday published their final exam appeals guidance, with schools bracing for a rush of appeals when awards are published in August.

Often referred to as negative space, white space is the space left between other elements of a page. It covers everything from the line and letter spacing to the space surrounding text and images, to margins and gutters.

Improve the legibility of text

Think of it as the adhesive that holds a mosaic together or the silence in music. Without it, things are left unstructured and cluttered – a little like white noise. White space holds your design together and helps to shape the overall flow of the page. It’s an active element and a fundamental building block of good design.

Organize your content

The most common roasting machines are of two basic types: drum and hot-air, although there are others including packed-bed, tangential and centrifugal roasters. Roasters can operate in either batch or continuous modes. Home roasters are also available.

Intelligent use of white space gives your content room to breathe.

Hot-air roasters force heated air through a screen or perforated plate under the coffee beans with sufficient force to lift the beans. Heat is transferred to the beans as they tumble and circulate within this fluidized bed. Some coffee roasters use names for the various degrees of roast, such as City Roast and French Roast, for the internal bean temperatures found during roasting.